Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fishers genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hostthe larva of another insectand that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
與博弈理論更為直接相關的是某些寄生性黃蜂種類的性別比例，雌性黃蜂占有絕對的過量。在這些種類的黃蜂身上，受精卵發展成為雌性黃蜂，未受精卵發展成為雄性黃蜂。雌性黃蜂能儲存精子，並對她所產的每一個卵，通過使其受精或不讓其受精，從而決定其性別。按照菲希爾的論點，生物體所會擇取的是那樣一種性別比例，那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個個體所能擁有的後代數量，並因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到後代身上去的基因複製品的數量，對於雌性黃蜂來說，繁殖同等數量的雄性後代和雌性後代仍不乏益處。漢密爾頓注意到，蜂卵是在其寄主另一隻昆蟲的幼蟲體內成熟發展的，並且剛剛自卵中育出的成年黃蜂隨即進行交配，然後積各奔東西，提供了一種極為嚴謹的分析。既然一般而言只有一隻雌性黃蜂在一特定的幼蟲體內產卵，對她來說，只需要繁殖一隻雄性黃蜂便獲益匪淺，因為這一隻雄性黃蜂可以將其同胞的雌性黃蜂在自卵中育出之際皆予授精。如同菲希爾一樣，漢密爾頓也意欲尋覓一種在生物進化上的穩定策略，但他更深入了一步，因為他認識到他的研究正是為了去尋找一種生物體的進化策略。
現象解釋型
TS 首句，兩個解釋，前負後正。作者支持H
結構：
1 TS
2 x
3 y
4 kw1
5 kw2
6 a
7 cs
生詞：
parasitic 寄生
excess 過度的; 額外的
sperm 精子
genetic 遺傳的
mate 交配
immediately 立刻, 立即
disperse 分散, 散開, 傳播
emerged 浮現, 脫出
cogent 使人信服的
strategy 策略
conducted 引導, 管理, 帶領
sought尋求, 探索
manipulate 操縱, 操作
thereby 因此
extinction 絕種
1. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists
conducted their research at approximately the same time
sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory
studied reproduction in the same animal species
Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
2. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps?
□A How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?
□B Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?
□C What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?
A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
3. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?
Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.
Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.
The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.
So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.
Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.
A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hostthe larva of another insect
Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.
and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis
與博弈理論更為直接相關的是某些寄生性黃蜂種類的性別比例，雌性黃蜂占有絕對的過量。在這些種類的黃蜂身上，受精卵發展成為雌性黃蜂，未受精卵發展成為雄性黃蜂。雌性黃蜂能儲存精子，並對她所產的每一個卵，通過使其受精或不讓其受精，從而決定其性別。按照菲希爾的論點，生物體所會擇取的是那樣一種性別比例，那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個個體所能擁有的後代數量，並因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到後代身上去的基因複製品的數量，對於雌性黃蜂來說，繁殖同等數量的雄性後代和雌性後代仍不乏益處。漢密爾頓注意到，蜂卵是在其寄主另一隻昆蟲的幼蟲體內成熟發展的，並且剛剛自卵中育出的成年黃蜂隨即進行交配，然後積各奔東西，提供了一種極為嚴謹的分析。既然一般而言只有一隻雌性黃蜂在一特定的幼蟲體內產卵，對她來說，只需要繁殖一隻雄性黃蜂便獲益匪淺，因為這一隻雄性黃蜂可以將其同胞的雌性黃蜂在自卵中育出之際皆予授精。如同菲希爾一樣，漢密爾頓也意欲尋覓一種在生物進化上的穩定策略，但他更深入了一步，因為他認識到他的研究正是為了去尋找一種生物體的進化策略。
現象解釋型
TS 首句，兩個解釋，前負後正。作者支持H
結構：
1 TS
2 x
3 y
4 kw1
5 kw2
6 a
7 cs
生詞：
parasitic 寄生
excess 過度的; 額外的
sperm 精子
genetic 遺傳的
mate 交配
immediately 立刻, 立即
disperse 分散, 散開, 傳播
emerged 浮現, 脫出
cogent 使人信服的
strategy 策略
conducted 引導, 管理, 帶領
sought尋求, 探索
manipulate 操縱, 操作
thereby 因此
extinction 絕種
1. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists
conducted their research at approximately the same time
sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory
studied reproduction in the same animal species
Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
2. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps?
□A How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?
□B Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?
□C What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?
A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
3. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?
Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.
Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.
The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.
So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.
Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.
A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hostthe larva of another insect
Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.
and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis
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