初中英語現在完成時的用法

【小編編語】今天查字典英語網小編教給同學們的是初中英語現在完成時的用法，一起來學習下吧!祝同學們學習進步!
一、基本結構：主語+have/has+過去分詞
①肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他
②否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他
③一般疑問句：have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他
④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
二、用法
1) 現在完成時的"完成用法"
現在完成時用來表示現在之前已發生過或完成的動作或狀態,但其結果卻和現在有聯繫,也就是說,動作或狀態發生在過去但它的影響現在還存在.
he has turned off the light.他已把燈關了。
i have spent all of my money.
jane has laid the table.
2) 現在完成時的"未完成用法"
指的是動作開始於過去某一時刻，一直延續到現在，或可能還要繼續下去。這裡的動詞要用持續性動詞。常與for,since連用.
mary has been ill for three days.
mary has been ill since three days ago.
注意:1.現在完成時不能單獨與準確時間連用，
如yesterday,last等，除非與for, since連用.
2.現在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用
,如already, yet, just, before, recently, still, lately等:
he has already obtained a scholarship.
i haven't seen much of him recently .
we have seen that film before.
have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 現在完成時常常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用,
如ever, never, twice, several times等:
have you ever been to beijing
i have never heard bunny say anything against her.
i have used this pen only three times. it is still good.
george has met that gentleman several times.
4. 現在完成時還往往可以同包括現在時間在內的時間狀語連用,
如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present, so far等:
peter has written six papers so far.
up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 現在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現在這段時間內重複發生的動作.
we have had four texts this semester.
6. have been to 和have gone to的區別
have been to 強調去過，現已不在那裡，如：
he has been to the usa three times.
他到美國去過三次。
have gone to主要強調的是去了，現在人不在說話的現場，如：
--where's your mother? --你媽媽在哪?
--she has gone to the hospital. --她去醫院了。
has been in 一直在某地
三、現在完成時考點例析
現在完成時是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時態。涉及的考點有：
一、考查其構成
"助動詞have +動詞過去分詞"構成現在完成時。如：
1. kate's never seen chinese films，____ ? a. hasn't she b. has she c. isn't she d. is she
析：陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡略問句部分要用肯定式，又因kate's是kate has的縮寫，故選b。
2. his uncle has already posted the photos to him.
his uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.
析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問句中，故填hasn't, yet。
3. -ann has gone to shanghai. -so ______her parents. a. has b. had c. did d. have
析："so+助/系/情態動詞+主語"結構中的動詞形式應與前句結構中動詞形式保持一致，又後句的主語為her parents是複數,故選d。
二、考查其用法與標誌詞
當句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時，常用現在完成時。如：
1. -mum, may i go out and play basketball? 　-______you______ your homework yet?
a. do; finish b. are; finishing c. did; finish d. have; finished
2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -yes, but i can't remember where i______
a. did; surf; surfed b. have; surfed; surfed
c. did; surf; have surfed d. have; surfed; have surfed
析：據yet和before可知,應用現在完成時，故1題選d，2題選d。
當句中有"for +段時間"或"since +點時間"等時，主句常用現在完成時，謂語動詞必須是延續性動詞，若是非延續性動詞，要改為延續性動詞或表狀態的詞。如：
1. his brother has been to stone forest twice______he came to yunnan.
a. after b. before c. since d. for
析：主句用的是現在完成時，而從句用的是一般過去時，故選c。
2. tom______the cd player for two weeks.
a. has lent b. has borrowed c. has bought d. has had
析：a、b、c均為非延續性動詞，在肯定句中不與表"段時間"的短語連用，故選d。
3. i______a letter from him since he left.
a. didn't receive b. haven't got c. didn't have d. haven't heard
析：據since可知，應排除a、c，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來信"，故選b。
三、考查have/has been /have/has gone 的區別。如：
1. -have you ever______lintong to see the terra cotta warriors?　-yes, i have.
a. went to b. gone to c. been in d. been to
析：據句中的have，排除a，b項意為"去某地了"，c項意為"一直呆在某地"，d項意為"去過某地"，符合題意，故選d。
2. my parents ______ shangdong for ten years.
a. have been in b. have been to c. have gone to d. have been
析：本題句中有"for+段時間"結構，據此可排除c，b項意為"去過某地"，不合題意，d項缺介詞，故選a。
四、考查現在完成時與其他時態的聯繫和區別。如：
1. sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.
析：非延續性動詞與"段時間"連用時，除了把非延續性動詞改成延續性動詞外，還可把動詞改為一般過去時或藉助句型"it's +段時間+since+從句"進行句子轉換。故答案為：sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /it's ten years since sun's aunt went there.
2. susan has been in this city for more than ten years.
________more than ten years ____susan ______to this city.
析：據上題分析，且since引導的從句要用一般過去時，故填it is, since, came。
3. i won't go to the concert because i ____my ticket.
a. lost b. don't lose c. have lost d. is coming
析：因我丟了票的動作發生在過去，而且對現在造成了我不能參加音樂會的結果，符合現在完成時所表示的含意，故選c。
英語的行為動詞有持續性動詞和瞬間性動詞之分，使用中應注意兩者的區別。
一、持續性動詞: 表示一個動作可以持續一段時間或更長時間。
常見的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep等。
二、瞬間性動詞: 表示一個動作發生在一瞬間，非常短暫。亦稱終止性動詞。
常見的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
瞬間性動詞在完成時中如要與表示持續一段時間的狀語連用，通常有兩種方法：
用意思相當的持續性動詞來替換
he has been in the army/a soldier for three years. 不用has joined
she has been up for quite some time. 不用has got up
has your brother been away from home for a long time? 不用has left
常用瞬間動詞相應持續性動詞關係：
1、gobe away 2、comebe here 3、come backbe back
4、leavebe away
5、buyhave 6、borrowkeep 7、diebe dead 8、beginbe on
9、finishbe over 10、openbe open 11、closebe closed 12、losebe lost
13、get to knowknow 14、turn onbe on 15、get upbe up
16、sit downsit/beseated 17、joinbe in或be amember 18、becomebe
用it issince結構來替換瞬間動詞
例如：電影已經開映5分鐘了。
the film has been on for five minutes.
it’s five minutes since the film began.
他離開上海已有3天了。
he has been away from shanghai for three days.
it is three days since he left shanghai.
這本書我還給圖書館已有兩周了。
it’s two weeks since i returned the book to the library.
他找到他妹妹已有多久了?
how long is it since be found his sister?
4、瞬間動詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用
例如：i haven’t seen you for a long time.