職稱英語閱讀理解常見題型及解題技巧2
B.概括和歸納出主題思想。實際上，在閱讀理解測試部分有的文章是沒有主題句的。這是由於文章的體裁不同或是由於閱讀的短文是從篇幅較長的文章中節選的。這時就要靠讀者自己進行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點開始，最後將各段要點集中概括並歸納出全文的主題思想。下面不妨考察幾個例子：
例4
A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. All day long, the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.
這一段的隱含主題句可概括為Driving a bus is hard work.
例5
A green I-538 form is used by international students in order to obtain permission from the Immigration and Naturalization Service to transfer from one university to another in the United States. If you are planning to transfer, remember that you must obtain the permission before leaving the university where you are currently studying. You must complete the form I-538, have it signed by the foreign student advisor, and submit it to the District Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service together with the form I-20 from the new school and the small, white form I-94 that was affixed to your passport when you entered the country.
Submitting the signed 1-538 and other documents does not insure permission to transfer. Only an official of Immigration can decide each case. Students who have not completed one term of study at the school that issued them their first I-20 are not advised to file for permission to transfer until they have completed one term.
這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為What should an international student d0.if he or she wants to transfer from one university to another in the United States.
2.了解闡述主旨的事實和細節
為了準確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想，我們必須要找到與中心思想有關的事實和細節。一個好的作者必然會引用事實、或分析原因、或對比事物間的關係等以論證自己的論點。常用以提問這類事實和細節的問題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實或細節，這些常與wh0，when，where，which或why有關。另一種問題是辨認哪些細節在文章中沒被提及。這些問題常有except，not，least等。例如：
1. What causes ?
2. Some people do sth. because__________
3. Sb. is because ________.
4. Why does the author mention ...?
5. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of...?
6. Where in the passage does the author describe...?
7. Which of the following does the author want to illustrate in discussing ...?
8. What time does the writer think is ?
9. What does the author pay least attention to?
10. Which of the following is not a result of _______?
11. All of the following may be ... except ________.
12. Which of the following is not mentioned?
13. Which of the following statements is true ?
14. The author states all of the items listed except_______.
為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要採用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，也就是綜合解題法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎上，首先要仔細看懂問題，明確問的是什麼，然後按照題意進行尋讀，找到正確答案的根據。
例1
Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population --growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employee ship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
1. According to the passage, with the development of modem industry, .
A. factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in number
B. there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers
C. employers have attached great importance to factory laborers
D. the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased
本題具體涉及對第一段的中心意思的理解，尤其是對這段最後一句中losing in numerical importance的確切理解。這一段的大致意思是，當今的社會已經成為一個雇員的社會。大約在100年前，5個美國人中只有1個人是被僱傭為別人幹活的。今天，5個人中只有l個人是為自己干而不被僱傭的。50年前，被僱傭就意味著當工廠或農場的勞動力。而今天，越來越多的雇員是接受過正規教育的中產階層。他們承擔了需要智力和技術的職業或管理工作。50年以來，美國社會的確有兩個特點：中層和上層雇員成了工薪隊伍中人數快速增長的一部分一其速度之快使得作為工業革命最早的產物的產業工人在人數上相形見絀，儘管工業生產還在擴大規模。所以選項D是正確答案。選項A意思與選項D正好相反。同樣，選項B和選項C都不對。
2. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is________.
A. less important than awareness of being a good employee
B. as important as the ability to deal with public relations
C. more important than employer--employee relations
D. as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization
本題考查讀者對文章第二段中關於專門知識和技能的重要性的論點的理解。學生可以 從最後一句找出正確答案。這一句指出，人們失敗的原因更多的是不具備當雇員的要素，而不是缺乏本行業的專業技能。因此選項A是正確答案。選項B說的是公共關係的能力， 是誤解，因為文章說的是單位內部開展工作的能力，如內部合作的好。選項C把意思顛倒了。選項D說兩者同等重要，當然也不對。
例2
To prepare for career in engineerin9, a student must begin planning in high school. Mathematics and science should form the core curriculum.For example，in a school where sixteen credit hours are required for high school graduation，four should be in mathematics，one each in chemistry，biology，and physics.The remaining credits should include four in English and at least three in the humanities and social sciences.The average entering freshman in engineering should have achieved at least a 2.5 grade point average on a 4.0 scale in his or her high sch001. Although deficiencies can be corrected during the first year，the student who needs additional work should expect tO spend five instead of four years completing a degree.
1.What is the average grade point that an entering freshman in engineering should have achieved in his or her high school?
答案：2.5.
2.When should a student begin planning for a career in engineering?
答案：In high sch001.
3.In normal situations，how many years are needed for a student to complete a degree?
答案：Four.
4.How many credits are required for a high school diploma?
答案：Sixteen.
5.How many credits need a student have in English?
答案：Four.
3.根據上下文判斷某些詞彙和短語的意義
在閱讀理解測試中必然要考查對詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在完整的語篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可以根據上下文，並利用所掌握的句法、構詞法和詞彙等知識確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測某些生詞的大致意思。常見的這類題型有：
1. The word ... in line ... refers to ______.
2. The expression ... is closest in meaning to
3. In line.., the word ... most probably means ________
4. In line.., the word ... could best be replaced by _________
5. By ... the author means _________
6. The word ..., as used by the author, most nearly means ________
7. In this passage, the word ... means
8. ... in the context of the passage refers to _________
9. ..., as used in the passage, can best be defined as _________
B.概括和歸納出主題思想。實際上，在閱讀理解測試部分有的文章是沒有主題句的。這是由於文章的體裁不同或是由於閱讀的短文是從篇幅較長的文章中節選的。這時就要靠讀者自己進行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點開始，最後將各段要點集中概括並歸納出全文的主題思想。下面不妨考察幾個例子：
例4
A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. All day long, the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.
這一段的隱含主題句可概括為Driving a bus is hard work.
例5
A green I-538 form is used by international students in order to obtain permission from the Immigration and Naturalization Service to transfer from one university to another in the United States. If you are planning to transfer, remember that you must obtain the permission before leaving the university where you are currently studying. You must complete the form I-538, have it signed by the foreign student advisor, and submit it to the District Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service together with the form I-20 from the new school and the small, white form I-94 that was affixed to your passport when you entered the country.
Submitting the signed 1-538 and other documents does not insure permission to transfer. Only an official of Immigration can decide each case. Students who have not completed one term of study at the school that issued them their first I-20 are not advised to file for permission to transfer until they have completed one term.
這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為What should an international student d0.if he or she wants to transfer from one university to another in the United States.
2.了解闡述主旨的事實和細節
為了準確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想，我們必須要找到與中心思想有關的事實和細節。一個好的作者必然會引用事實、或分析原因、或對比事物間的關係等以論證自己的論點。常用以提問這類事實和細節的問題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實或細節，這些常與wh0，when，where，which或why有關。另一種問題是辨認哪些細節在文章中沒被提及。這些問題常有except，not，least等。例如：
1. What causes ?
2. Some people do sth. because__________
3. Sb. is because ________.
4. Why does the author mention ...?
5. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of...?
6. Where in the passage does the author describe...?
7. Which of the following does the author want to illustrate in discussing ...?
8. What time does the writer think is ?
9. What does the author pay least attention to?
10. Which of the following is not a result of _______?
11. All of the following may be ... except ________.
12. Which of the following is not mentioned?
13. Which of the following statements is true ?
14. The author states all of the items listed except_______.
為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要採用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，也就是綜合解題法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎上，首先要仔細看懂問題，明確問的是什麼，然後按照題意進行尋讀，找到正確答案的根據。
例1
Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population --growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employee ship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employee ship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
1. According to the passage, with the development of modem industry, .
A. factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in number
B. there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers
C. employers have attached great importance to factory laborers
D. the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased
本題具體涉及對第一段的中心意思的理解，尤其是對這段最後一句中losing in numerical importance的確切理解。這一段的大致意思是，當今的社會已經成為一個雇員的社會。大約在100年前，5個美國人中只有1個人是被僱傭為別人幹活的。今天，5個人中只有l個人是為自己干而不被僱傭的。50年前，被僱傭就意味著當工廠或農場的勞動力。而今天，越來越多的雇員是接受過正規教育的中產階層。他們承擔了需要智力和技術的職業或管理工作。50年以來，美國社會的確有兩個特點：中層和上層雇員成了工薪隊伍中人數快速增長的一部分一其速度之快使得作為工業革命最早的產物的產業工人在人數上相形見絀，儘管工業生產還在擴大規模。所以選項D是正確答案。選項A意思與選項D正好相反。同樣，選項B和選項C都不對。
2. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is________.
A. less important than awareness of being a good employee
B. as important as the ability to deal with public relations
C. more important than employer--employee relations
D. as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization
本題考查讀者對文章第二段中關於專門知識和技能的重要性的論點的理解。學生可以 從最後一句找出正確答案。這一句指出，人們失敗的原因更多的是不具備當雇員的要素，而不是缺乏本行業的專業技能。因此選項A是正確答案。選項B說的是公共關係的能力， 是誤解，因為文章說的是單位內部開展工作的能力，如內部合作的好。選項C把意思顛倒了。選項D說兩者同等重要，當然也不對。
例2
To prepare for career in engineerin9, a student must begin planning in high school. Mathematics and science should form the core curriculum.For example，in a school where sixteen credit hours are required for high school graduation，four should be in mathematics，one each in chemistry，biology，and physics.The remaining credits should include four in English and at least three in the humanities and social sciences.The average entering freshman in engineering should have achieved at least a 2.5 grade point average on a 4.0 scale in his or her high sch001. Although deficiencies can be corrected during the first year，the student who needs additional work should expect tO spend five instead of four years completing a degree.
1.What is the average grade point that an entering freshman in engineering should have achieved in his or her high school?
答案：2.5.
2.When should a student begin planning for a career in engineering?
答案：In high sch001.
3.In normal situations，how many years are needed for a student to complete a degree?
答案：Four.
4.How many credits are required for a high school diploma?
答案：Sixteen.
5.How many credits need a student have in English?
答案：Four.
3.根據上下文判斷某些詞彙和短語的意義
在閱讀理解測試中必然要考查對詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在完整的語篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的，因此可以根據上下文，並利用所掌握的句法、構詞法和詞彙等知識確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測某些生詞的大致意思。常見的這類題型有：
1. The word ... in line ... refers to ______.
2. The expression ... is closest in meaning to
3. In line.., the word ... most probably means ________
4. In line.., the word ... could best be replaced by _________
5. By ... the author means _________
6. The word ..., as used by the author, most nearly means ________
7. In this passage, the word ... means
8. ... in the context of the passage refers to _________
9. ..., as used in the passage, can best be defined as _________
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