2014年自考英語複習指導（超實用）
自考英語複習資料：如何達到段落的連貫
1)段落的連貫性
好的段落不僅要有統一性，而且也要有連貫性。也就是說段落中的每個句子在邏輯上、結構上都與前一句子銜接在一起。要取得段落連貫性，關鍵在於按照邏輯順序和使用過渡詞語，達到段落連貫性要做到以下兩點：
(1) 從邏輯順序來看，重要的先寫，將要的後寫，或從次要到主要，後者更符合英美人的習慣。
(2) 常用的幾種邏輯順序如下：
①時間順序
②空間順序
③跌降和遞進：主題句後面的理由從最重要到不重要排列這種方法叫跌降法。如果從最不重要的到最重要的則稱為遞進法。這是說明一個觀點常用的寫作方法。例如：
John likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. First, it costs less. For example, he paid $ 130 a month to live in a dorm, but it costs him only $ 90 to live in a private home. Second, he has more privacy in a home. In a dorm, he shared a room with another boy, but in a home, he has a room all to himself. Third, it is easier to study in a private home. A dorm is often too noisy, but a home rarely is. Finally he can keep his car at a house. At campus dorms, there are no parking spaces for student cars. For these reasons, John likes to live off campus.
本段主題句後的四個理由從主到次排列，屬跌降法。
④演繹：指文章以概括性的陳述開始，然後接具體的事實、例子、理由等。這種寫作方法也是各類英語考試中常用的寫作方法。例如：
Man has learned to travel faster and faster throughout the history, when the wheel was invented over a thousand years ago, man learned that it was possible to travel faster on wheels than on foot. With the invention of the steam engine about two hundred years ago, man began to travel at what was called “dangerous” speeds of more than 100 miles an hour. About twenty years ago man began to travel in commercial jet planes at speeds about 500 miles an hour.
該段主題句後面用了具體的事例對主題句作進一步的說明，屬於演繹寫作方法。
⑤歸納：指文章先提出幾個具體的事實，然後歸納出一個結論。例如：
Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them, let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow, do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.
該段先羅列出細節材料，最後作出總結或結論，這種寫作方法叫歸納法。
2)正確地使用過渡詞語
段落是否連貫主要取決於文章內容是否符合邏輯，但是段落缺乏連貫性並不僅僅是邏輯順序問題，過渡詞語也起著十分重要的作用。
試比較：
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. School was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
該段落中無過渡詞，讀起來缺少邏輯連貫性，試比較在該段落中加入過渡詞語後的效果。
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. For school was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. But I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. Or I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
在該段中加入過渡詞語後段落更有連貫性。
自考英語複習資料：結尾段落的寫作方式
段落的結尾
寫好結尾句的關鍵在於準確地把握主題句中的主導思想，結論句與主題句應該是遙相呼應的，一般從三個角度來寫：複述主題句;總結全段內容;對主題句加以評論，表達自己的觀點。常用的結尾承接詞有：therefore, in conclusion, in a work, to sum up, in short, to sum up等。結尾句並非必不可少，但它是段落中心思想的總結，能使段落的主題更加突出，故結尾句對讀者有益。
結尾句需要與主題句相呼應，引發讀者對段落的進一步認識。有時一些段落是沒有結尾句的。這要看寫作內容或具體情況來決定。
讓我們來分析以下這個段落的結構及其結尾的寫法。
There are many problems with advertisements. Sometimes, people consider them as a bad thing because many of the goods only sound good. Some advertisements are rather confusing, and often deceive consumers into buying goods of poor quality. The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.
該段主題句為：There are many problems with advertisements.。該段的結尾句是：The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.。資本段的結尾句說出了解決的方式以及不加以解決將會產生的不良後果。
段落結尾句是段落的結論，需要簡潔有力，並符合主題句的主旨，但是不要簡單的重複。因此，在寫結尾句時，需要比較好地理解和掌握主題句的關鍵詞。
自考英語複習資料：如何達到段落的連貫
1)段落的連貫性
好的段落不僅要有統一性，而且也要有連貫性。也就是說段落中的每個句子在邏輯上、結構上都與前一句子銜接在一起。要取得段落連貫性，關鍵在於按照邏輯順序和使用過渡詞語，達到段落連貫性要做到以下兩點：
(1) 從邏輯順序來看，重要的先寫，將要的後寫，或從次要到主要，後者更符合英美人的習慣。
(2) 常用的幾種邏輯順序如下：
①時間順序
②空間順序
③跌降和遞進：主題句後面的理由從最重要到不重要排列這種方法叫跌降法。如果從最不重要的到最重要的則稱為遞進法。這是說明一個觀點常用的寫作方法。例如：
John likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. First, it costs less. For example, he paid $ 130 a month to live in a dorm, but it costs him only $ 90 to live in a private home. Second, he has more privacy in a home. In a dorm, he shared a room with another boy, but in a home, he has a room all to himself. Third, it is easier to study in a private home. A dorm is often too noisy, but a home rarely is. Finally he can keep his car at a house. At campus dorms, there are no parking spaces for student cars. For these reasons, John likes to live off campus.
本段主題句後的四個理由從主到次排列，屬跌降法。
④演繹：指文章以概括性的陳述開始，然後接具體的事實、例子、理由等。這種寫作方法也是各類英語考試中常用的寫作方法。例如：
Man has learned to travel faster and faster throughout the history, when the wheel was invented over a thousand years ago, man learned that it was possible to travel faster on wheels than on foot. With the invention of the steam engine about two hundred years ago, man began to travel at what was called “dangerous” speeds of more than 100 miles an hour. About twenty years ago man began to travel in commercial jet planes at speeds about 500 miles an hour.
該段主題句後面用了具體的事例對主題句作進一步的說明，屬於演繹寫作方法。
⑤歸納：指文章先提出幾個具體的事實，然後歸納出一個結論。例如：
Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them, let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow, do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.
該段先羅列出細節材料，最後作出總結或結論，這種寫作方法叫歸納法。
2)正確地使用過渡詞語
段落是否連貫主要取決於文章內容是否符合邏輯，但是段落缺乏連貫性並不僅僅是邏輯順序問題，過渡詞語也起著十分重要的作用。
試比較：
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. School was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
該段落中無過渡詞，讀起來缺少邏輯連貫性，試比較在該段落中加入過渡詞語後的效果。
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. For school was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. But I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. Or I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
在該段中加入過渡詞語後段落更有連貫性。
自考英語複習資料：結尾段落的寫作方式
段落的結尾
寫好結尾句的關鍵在於準確地把握主題句中的主導思想，結論句與主題句應該是遙相呼應的，一般從三個角度來寫：複述主題句;總結全段內容;對主題句加以評論，表達自己的觀點。常用的結尾承接詞有：therefore, in conclusion, in a work, to sum up, in short, to sum up等。結尾句並非必不可少，但它是段落中心思想的總結，能使段落的主題更加突出，故結尾句對讀者有益。
結尾句需要與主題句相呼應，引發讀者對段落的進一步認識。有時一些段落是沒有結尾句的。這要看寫作內容或具體情況來決定。
讓我們來分析以下這個段落的結構及其結尾的寫法。
There are many problems with advertisements. Sometimes, people consider them as a bad thing because many of the goods only sound good. Some advertisements are rather confusing, and often deceive consumers into buying goods of poor quality. The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.
該段主題句為：There are many problems with advertisements.。該段的結尾句是：The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.。資本段的結尾句說出了解決的方式以及不加以解決將會產生的不良後果。
段落結尾句是段落的結論，需要簡潔有力，並符合主題句的主旨，但是不要簡單的重複。因此，在寫結尾句時，需要比較好地理解和掌握主題句的關鍵詞。
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