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英語寫作基礎考核知識點分析與解題思路(一)

2023年08月26日

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近幾年的英語寫作基礎試卷在考查內容和試題類型上改動不大,保持了命題的連貫性。考查內容包括三大部分:句子的組成、段落的寫作、應用文寫作。題型有重寫句子、改寫病句、識別主題句、重新組合段落、識別與段落內容無關的句子、寫信六種。本文將按題型順序對二OOO年試題的考核知識點與解題思路進行分析和探討,同時,也將對考生答題中的典型錯誤作一剖析,希望能有益於準備參加今年考試的同學。
第一大題 重寫句子(本大題共10小題,每小題1.5分,共15分)
Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement.
一,考核知識點:考查loose sentence 與periodic sentence之間的轉換。
●試題:
2. I felt like taking a walk after watching the sunset.
3. While they were waiting in line for the concert tickets, the rain stopped.
●答案:
2. After watching the sunset, I felt like taking a walk.
3. The rain stopped while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets.
●解題關鍵:
(1) 明確兩種句型的特點:就語義結構而論,periodic sentence(掉尾句)中主要信息在後,次要信息在前,使句子的重心置於句尾,旨在造成懸念,引人入勝;而loose sentence(鬆散句)則正相反,將句義重心放在句首,使主要信息一目了然。就語法結構而言,periodic sentence(掉尾句)將句子成分中的修飾部分放在主要成分(一般為主謂結構)之前;而loose sentence(鬆散句)則反之。
(2) 第二題原句主要信息為 I felt like taking a walk,放在次要信息After watching the sunset之前,原句是loose sentence(鬆散句),變換句型只要將主次信息換位即可。第三題原句的主要信息為the rain stopped,次要信息為while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets,原句是periodic sentence(掉尾句),變換成loose sentence(鬆散句),需主次信息換位。
二,考核知識點:考查將兩個獨立短句合併成一個simple sentence的能力。
●試題:
5. The letter is from my foreign friend. The letter arrived today.
9. My roommate was waiting for me at the door. He had a book in his hand.
●答案:
5. The letter from my foreign friend arrived today.
9. My roommate with a book in his hand was waiting for me at the door.
●解題關鍵:
(1) 明確simple sentence(簡單句)的構成:simple sentence(簡單句)包含一個主語+謂語動詞(S+V)的結構。
(2) 將兩個短句的共同主語作為合併後的simple sentence(簡單句)的主語,並將其中包含主要信息的短句的謂語動詞確立為simple sentence(簡單句)的謂語動詞,另一短句轉化為修飾成分。
(3) 第5題原句中第一個短句為次要信息,介詞短語from my foreign friend可作為修飾成分。第9題原句中,第一個短句包含主要信息,其謂語動詞was waiting可作為合併後的simple sentence(簡單句)的謂語動詞,第二個短句He had a book in his hand,可轉化為with引導的介詞短語結構,作修飾成分。
●考生典型答題錯誤分析
(錯誤)The letter which arrived today is from my foreign friend.
(分析)錯誤有二:一、未將原句中包含主要信息的短句的謂語動詞arrived作為合併後的simple sentence(簡單句)的謂語動詞;二、含有定語從句的句子不是simple sentence(簡單句),而是complex sentence(復合句)。
(錯誤)The letter arrived today is from my foreign friend.
(分析)這是一個病句,句中出現兩個沒有合適方式連接的謂語動詞,根本不符合語法規則。
(錯誤)My roommate, who had a book in his hand, was waiting for me at the door.
(分析)此句中who had a book in his hand是定語從句,而simple sentence(簡單句)中不能含有從句。
三,考核知識點:考查獨立短句與compound sentence之間的轉換
●試題:
1. Jerry is a good student. He studies hard and grasps concepts well.
6. We could take a taxi. We could walk to the restaurant.
10. I needed butter to make the cookie better. I couldn't find any. I used vegetable oil instead.
●答案:
1. Jerry is a good student, for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.
6. We could take a taxi or we could walk to the restaurant.
10. I needed butter to make the cookie better, but I couldn't find any, so I used vegetable oil instead.
●解題關鍵:
(1) 明確compound sentence(並列句)的特點:compound sentence(並列句)是由並列連詞或特定的標點符號將意義相關、結構完整的兩個或兩個以上的simple sentence(簡單句)連接起來構成的。
(2) 理順獨立短句間邏輯關係:是承遞、轉折、選擇、還是因果?確定好後在並列連接詞and, nor, but, yet, or, for, so之中選一個出來連接各分句。
(3) 第1題中,兩分句間的關係為前因後果,所以選擇for引出解釋原因的分句。第6題中,兩分句為選擇關係,可用or連接。第10題較為複雜,前兩個分句是轉折關係,可用but或yet連接;它們又與第三個分句形成前因後果的關係,所以選擇so引出結果。
●考生典型答題錯誤分析
(錯誤)Jerry is a good student for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.
(分析)用for引導表示原因的分句時,它前面一定要用comma(逗號)。
(錯誤)For Jerry is a good student, he studies hard and grasps concepts well.
(分析)除了因果關係不妥外,for的位置也不正確。用for連接兩個簡單句時,前句表示結果或結論,後句說明產生前述結果的原因,所以for只能出現在後句中。
(錯誤)We could take a taxi or walk to the restaurant.
(分析)此句仍是一個simple sentence(簡單句)而不是compound sentence(並列句),compound sentence(並列句)必須包含兩個或兩個以上的simple sentence(簡單句)
四,考核知識點:考查compound sentence與complex sentence之間的轉換
●試題:
4. The tape recorder was not working right, so I returned it to the store.
●答案:
4. Because the tape recorder was not working right, I returned it to the store.
●解題關鍵:
(1) 了解complex sentence(復合句)的構成:complex sentence(復合句)包含一個主句及一個或多個從句。從句分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。
(2) 第4題原句是compound sentence(並列句),兩個分句為因果關係,要把compound sentence(並列句)重寫成complex sentence(復合句)時,只需將第一個分句改為由從屬連接詞because引導的原因狀語從句即可。
●考生典型答題錯誤分析
(錯誤)I returned the tape recorder to the store, for it was not working right.
(分析)for雖然也可引導表示原因的分句,但它是並列連接詞,用在compound sentence(並列句)中,這點與because、as、since等引導原因狀語從句的從屬連接詞不同。
五,考核知識點:考查對compound-complex sentence的掌握和運用。
●試題:
7. If you want me to clean your windows, please give me a week's notice. I am very busy this month.
●答案:
7. If you want me to clean your windows, please give me a week's notice, for I am very busy this month.
●解題關鍵:
(1) 了解compound-complex sentence(並列復合句)的構成:顧名思義,compound-complex sentence(並列復合句)是由復合句並列而形成的。具體地說,compound-complex sentence(並列復合句)可以是一個簡單句與一個主從復合句用並列連接詞連接起來的,也可以是兩個主從復合句的並列。
(2) 第7題原句中的第一個句子是含有條件狀語從句的主從復合句,第一句與第二句是前因後果的關係,將兩句話用並列連接詞for連接起來,即可合併為一個compound - complex sentence(並列復合句)。
●考生典型答題錯誤分析
(錯誤)Please give me a week's notice if you want me to clean your windows, because I am very busy this month.
(分析)此句仍是complex sentence(復合句),因為because為從屬連接詞。在表示原因的連接詞中,只有for是並列連接詞,用於連接兩個具有並列關係的分句。閱卷中發現,相當多的考生沒有掌握好連接詞for的用法。
六,考核知識點:考查對parallel structure概念的掌握和運用
●試題:
8. Minnie bought a ticket to the play. She went out for dinner. She arrived at the theater by 8:00.
●答案:
8. Minnie bought a ticket to the play, went out for dinner, and arrived at the theater by 8:00.
●解題關鍵:
(1) 明確parallel structure(平行結構)的特點:parallel structure(平行結構)是把兩個或兩個以上意思並列的成分用同等的語法形式表示出來。平行的結構可以是單詞、詞組、從句,也可以是句子。
(2) 第8題原有的三個短句中,主語均為Minnie,謂語動詞bought、went out、及arrived是意思並列的成分,可以成為平行結構。
●考生典型答題錯誤分析
(錯誤)Minnie bought a ticket to the play, arrived at the theater by 8:00,and went out for dinner.
(分析)Minnie買票、外出吃飯、到達劇院是按照時間順序先後發生的,次序不能隨意更改。
(錯誤)Minnie bought a ticket to the play, went out for dinner, then arrived at the theater by 8:00.
(分析)then不是並列連接詞,不能取代and。

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