30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological drives as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
註：1.past 和 widely accepted：老觀點和大眾觀點，一般應該是否定的
2.used also to be widely：另一個老觀點
3.In other words 概括老觀點
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
註：1.behave 行為，舉止 2.outcome 結果
3.with no reward except 雙重否定，所以是肯定結構
4.本段闡述新觀點
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
註： 1.study：開始做實驗，抓住代表人物、實驗目的、實驗結果
2.第一句過程，第二句 notice 表示結果
3.found 表示實驗結果
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
註：考第一個實驗結果，notice 引導;B、C為等價選項。
28. In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
註：考第二個實驗結果，found 引導
Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile and bubble when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
註：1.observation 暗示著實驗結果
2.fundamental 基本的;urge n.慾望;make sense of 理解
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological drives as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
註：1.past 和 widely accepted：老觀點和大眾觀點，一般應該是否定的
2.used also to be widely：另一個老觀點
3.In other words 概括老觀點
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
註：1.behave 行為，舉止 2.outcome 結果
3.with no reward except 雙重否定，所以是肯定結構
4.本段闡述新觀點
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
註： 1.study：開始做實驗，抓住代表人物、實驗目的、實驗結果
2.第一句過程，第二句 notice 表示結果
3.found 表示實驗結果
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
註：考第一個實驗結果，notice 引導;B、C為等價選項。
28. In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
註：考第二個實驗結果，found 引導
Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile and bubble when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
註：1.observation 暗示著實驗結果
2.fundamental 基本的;urge n.慾望;make sense of 理解
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