職稱英語考試基礎知識:名詞性從句
職稱英語中名詞性從句是在句子中起名詞作用的主謂結構，它可以在主從復合句中作主語、賓語、表語、介詞的賓語以及同位語。
1. 主語從句主語從句可以由連詞that，wh-疑問詞或名詞性關係詞引導。
⑴由連詞that引導：從句可以位於句首，但常常用形式主語it替代，從句本身則放在主句後面，如：
That he will come to the party is certain. It happened that the harvest was bad that year. Is it true that she has never been there?
通常在口語或非正式文體中，that常可省略，但必須是在用先行詞it的情況下，如：
Its a pity you are leaving.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導：從句既可以前置，又可以藉助於先行詞it後置。如：
Who cleaned the meeting room is unknown. Its still a question when we shall have our sports meet. It is uncertain whether he will come.注意：在疑問句中，wh-疑問詞所引導的從句不能位於句首，如：
Is it known where she went?
⑶主語從句也可由名詞性關係詞引導，這類從句只能位於句首，如：
Where she went was Los Angeles. What will be，will be. Whomever you invite will be welcome.
2. 賓語從句
⑴賓語從句可用that引導，這時that僅起連接作用，不充當從句中的成分。如果連接詞要在從句中起語法作用，就要使用連接詞what等來引導從句。
I believe that he is honest. We fully understood what he meant.
⑵有些形容詞的後面也可跟賓語從句。這類形容詞有：certain，afraid，aware，sorry，sure，worried等。如：
Im afraid that you are wrong on this point. I am aware that you have been exceptionally kind to me.
⑶賓語從句也可以用how，when，who，which，where，why等詞引出，此時即使主句是一個疑問句，賓語從句也必須保持陳述句的語序。如：
Go and ask why he was late yesterday. Can you tell me where the hospital is?
⑷跟在介詞後面的賓語從句一般不能由that來引出，只限於except，in，but，besides，save等五個介詞的賓語從句，其它介詞後面不能跟由that引出的賓語從句，而只能跟由what，how，whether等引出的賓語從句。
You are wrong in that you took effect for cause. I would go with you，except that I have to work that day. They were arguing about what was to be done. Im thinking of whom I should ask for help.
3. 表語從句表語從句通常由that引出，當然how，why，where，when等也可以引出表語從句。常見的表語從句有下面兩種句型：
⑴The reasonthat：表示原因是。如：
The reason for leaving was that it was too cold.
⑵It is because：表示這是因為，這是由於緣故。如：
This is because iron contains more carbon than steel.
4. 同位語從句同位語從句表示與之同位的名詞中心詞的實際內容。
⑴同位語從句起進一步解釋說明先行詞的作用，通常由that引導。同位語從句的先行詞通常是一些抽象名詞，如：appeal，idea，truth，fact，theory，belief，plan，hope，proposal，rumor，suggestion等。
There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導，如：
I have no idea when he will come. It is difficult to answer your question why I did it.
⑶由名詞性關係詞引導，如：
Fame and fortunewhat others sought after with zestwas all rubbish to him.
⑷注意同位語和that引導的定語從句的區別：that在同位語從句中只起引導從句的作用，本身並無意義，也不在句子中擔當任何成分;而定語從句的that既引導從句又充當句子成分。
The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure. yingyukaoshi.com
He is the best speaker that addressed the meeting.
定語從句定語從句是在句子中起形容詞作用的主謂結構，通常修飾它前面的名詞或代詞，即它的先行詞。定語從句是由關係代詞和關係副詞引導的。
1.關係代詞引導的定語從句
⑴引導定語從句的關係代詞有：who，whom，whose，which，that.
⑵關係代詞在從句作主語、賓語、定語和表語的作用;當作賓語時，關係代詞常常可省略。如：
This is the girl youve been looking for.
⑶當定語從句所修飾的先行詞是人或人格化的動物時，引導詞用who，whom或whose;
如果先行詞是無生命的東西，用關係代詞which;而that可用於以上兩種情況。
The man who robbed you has been arrested. That is the book which cost me twenty dollars. Which還可以指嬰兒、動物和表示單數意義的集合名詞，如：
The baby the nurse brought in was Marys child.
⑷關係代詞that和which的語法區別當先行詞的前面有形容詞的最高級修飾時，通常用that而不用which.如：
The final match is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.當定語從句所修飾的先行詞的前面有all，any，little，only，much等修飾時，或者這些先行詞本身就是all，one，little，much，nothing等不定代詞時，通常用that而不用which. I am interested in all that you have told me. It seems that is the only thing that we can do now.
當定語從句作介詞的賓語時，只能使用which而不用that. The world in which we live is in constant motion and in constant change.當定語從句是與代詞、數詞或名詞詞組連用引導非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不用that. I bought a dozen eggs，five of which broke when I dropped the box at my door.
當先行詞的前面有the only 等詞修飾時，通常用that而不用which. This is the very movie that I want to see.當被用來指代整個句子，引導非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不是that. Things then improved，which surprises me. Her brother snatched the letter away，at which she was furious.
2. 關係副詞引導的定語從句
⑴引導定語從句的關係副詞有：when，where，why，how等。
⑵關係副詞when，where，why在從句中作狀語時，可用介詞 which來替代。如：
The reason why he is in hospital hasnt been known yet.
職稱英語中名詞性從句是在句子中起名詞作用的主謂結構，它可以在主從復合句中作主語、賓語、表語、介詞的賓語以及同位語。
1. 主語從句主語從句可以由連詞that，wh-疑問詞或名詞性關係詞引導。
⑴由連詞that引導：從句可以位於句首，但常常用形式主語it替代，從句本身則放在主句後面，如：
That he will come to the party is certain. It happened that the harvest was bad that year. Is it true that she has never been there?
通常在口語或非正式文體中，that常可省略，但必須是在用先行詞it的情況下，如：
Its a pity you are leaving.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導：從句既可以前置，又可以藉助於先行詞it後置。如：
Who cleaned the meeting room is unknown. Its still a question when we shall have our sports meet. It is uncertain whether he will come.注意：在疑問句中，wh-疑問詞所引導的從句不能位於句首，如：
Is it known where she went?
⑶主語從句也可由名詞性關係詞引導，這類從句只能位於句首，如：
Where she went was Los Angeles. What will be，will be. Whomever you invite will be welcome.
2. 賓語從句
⑴賓語從句可用that引導，這時that僅起連接作用，不充當從句中的成分。如果連接詞要在從句中起語法作用，就要使用連接詞what等來引導從句。
I believe that he is honest. We fully understood what he meant.
⑵有些形容詞的後面也可跟賓語從句。這類形容詞有：certain，afraid，aware，sorry，sure，worried等。如：
Im afraid that you are wrong on this point. I am aware that you have been exceptionally kind to me.
⑶賓語從句也可以用how，when，who，which，where，why等詞引出，此時即使主句是一個疑問句，賓語從句也必須保持陳述句的語序。如：
Go and ask why he was late yesterday. Can you tell me where the hospital is?
⑷跟在介詞後面的賓語從句一般不能由that來引出，只限於except，in，but，besides，save等五個介詞的賓語從句，其它介詞後面不能跟由that引出的賓語從句，而只能跟由what，how，whether等引出的賓語從句。
You are wrong in that you took effect for cause. I would go with you，except that I have to work that day. They were arguing about what was to be done. Im thinking of whom I should ask for help.
3. 表語從句表語從句通常由that引出，當然how，why，where，when等也可以引出表語從句。常見的表語從句有下面兩種句型：
⑴The reasonthat：表示原因是。如：
The reason for leaving was that it was too cold.
⑵It is because：表示這是因為，這是由於緣故。如：
This is because iron contains more carbon than steel.
4. 同位語從句同位語從句表示與之同位的名詞中心詞的實際內容。
⑴同位語從句起進一步解釋說明先行詞的作用，通常由that引導。同位語從句的先行詞通常是一些抽象名詞，如：appeal，idea，truth，fact，theory，belief，plan，hope，proposal，rumor，suggestion等。
There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導，如：
I have no idea when he will come. It is difficult to answer your question why I did it.
⑶由名詞性關係詞引導，如：
Fame and fortunewhat others sought after with zestwas all rubbish to him.
⑷注意同位語和that引導的定語從句的區別：that在同位語從句中只起引導從句的作用，本身並無意義，也不在句子中擔當任何成分;而定語從句的that既引導從句又充當句子成分。
The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure. yingyukaoshi.com
He is the best speaker that addressed the meeting.
定語從句定語從句是在句子中起形容詞作用的主謂結構，通常修飾它前面的名詞或代詞，即它的先行詞。定語從句是由關係代詞和關係副詞引導的。
1.關係代詞引導的定語從句
⑴引導定語從句的關係代詞有：who，whom，whose，which，that.
⑵關係代詞在從句作主語、賓語、定語和表語的作用;當作賓語時，關係代詞常常可省略。如：
This is the girl youve been looking for.
⑶當定語從句所修飾的先行詞是人或人格化的動物時，引導詞用who，whom或whose;
如果先行詞是無生命的東西，用關係代詞which;而that可用於以上兩種情況。
The man who robbed you has been arrested. That is the book which cost me twenty dollars. Which還可以指嬰兒、動物和表示單數意義的集合名詞，如：
The baby the nurse brought in was Marys child.
⑷關係代詞that和which的語法區別當先行詞的前面有形容詞的最高級修飾時，通常用that而不用which.如：
The final match is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.當定語從句所修飾的先行詞的前面有all，any，little，only，much等修飾時，或者這些先行詞本身就是all，one，little，much，nothing等不定代詞時，通常用that而不用which. I am interested in all that you have told me. It seems that is the only thing that we can do now.
當定語從句作介詞的賓語時，只能使用which而不用that. The world in which we live is in constant motion and in constant change.當定語從句是與代詞、數詞或名詞詞組連用引導非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不用that. I bought a dozen eggs，five of which broke when I dropped the box at my door.
當先行詞的前面有the only 等詞修飾時，通常用that而不用which. This is the very movie that I want to see.當被用來指代整個句子，引導非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不是that. Things then improved，which surprises me. Her brother snatched the letter away，at which she was furious.
2. 關係副詞引導的定語從句
⑴引導定語從句的關係副詞有：when，where，why，how等。
⑵關係副詞when，where，why在從句中作狀語時，可用介詞 which來替代。如：
The reason why he is in hospital hasnt been known yet.
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