蘇格拉底
蘇格拉底是著名的古希臘哲學家。與他的學生之一是柏拉圖及柏拉圖的學生亞里士多德並稱希臘三賢。 出生於伯里克利統治的雅典黃金時期，死於雅典的敗落時期。。出身貧寒，父親是一名雕刻師，母親為助產士。蘇格拉底是一位個性鮮明，被人褒貶不一而充滿傳奇色彩的歷史人物。 蘇格拉底是柏拉圖的老師，他一生未曾著述，其言論和思想多見於柏拉圖和色諾芬的著作如《蘇格拉底言行回憶錄》。蘇格拉底最後因觸犯了當時權貴的利益而被冠以腐蝕青年思想之名被迫飲毒堇汁而死。 他長期靠教育為業，蘇格拉底的教學方式獨特，常常用啟發、辯論的方式來進行教育。 蘇格拉底是柏拉圖哲學路線的創始者。蘇格拉底重視倫理學，是古希臘第一個提出要用理性和思維去尋找普遍道德的人，他是道德哲學的創始人，他強調道德是由理性指導的，所以美德就是知識，認為善出於知，惡出於無知。 在歐洲哲學史上最早提出唯心主義的目的論，認為一切都是神所創造與安排的，體現了神的智慧與目的。提出了自知自己無知的命題，認為只有放棄對自然界的求索，承認自己無知的人才是聰明人。最有知識的是神，知識最終從神而來，真正的知是服從神。 在邏輯學方面，亞里士多德認為蘇格拉底提出歸納論證，從具體實事中找出確定的論點，並注意一般定義的方法，對概念做出精確的說明。蘇格拉底的哲學思想主要認為是非有標準。傳說蘇格拉底的家庭生活不幸，其妻子是個潑婦。
Socrates
Socrates , Greek philosopher, profoundly affected Western philosophy through his influence on Plato. Born in Athens, the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife,he received the regular elementary education in literature, music, and gymnastics. Later he familiarized himself with the rhetoric and dialectics of the Sophists, the speculations of the Ionian philosophers, and the general culture of Periclean Athens. Initially, Socrates followed the craft of his father; according to a former tradition, he executed a statue group of the three Graces, which stood at the entrance to the Acropolis until the 2nd century ad. In the Peloponnesian War with Sparta he served as an infantryman with conspicuous bravery at the battles of Potidaea in 432-430 bc, Delium in 424 bc, and Amphipolis in 422 bc. Socrates believed in the superiority of argument over writing and therefore spent the greater part of his mature life in the marketplace and public places of Athens, engaging in dialogue and argument with anyone who would listen or who would submit to interrogation. Socrates was reportedly unattractive in appearance and short of stature but was also extremely hardy and self-controlled. He enjoyed life immensely and achieved social popularity because of his ready wit and a keen sense of humor that was completely devoid of satire or cynicism.
Socrates contribution to philosophy was essentially ethical in character. Belief in a purely objective understanding of such concepts as justice, love, and virtue, and the self-knowledge that he inculcated, were the basis of his teachings. He believed that all vice is the result of ignorance, and that no person is willingly bad; correspondingly, virtue is knowledge, and those who know the right will act rightly. His logic placed particular emphasis on rational argument and the quest for general definitions, as evidenced in the writings of his younger contemporary and pupil, Plato, and of Platos pupil, Aristotle. Through the writings of these philosophers, Socrates profoundly affected the entire subsequent course of Western speculative thought.
Key words: Greek philosopher
蘇格拉底是著名的古希臘哲學家。與他的學生之一是柏拉圖及柏拉圖的學生亞里士多德並稱希臘三賢。 出生於伯里克利統治的雅典黃金時期，死於雅典的敗落時期。。出身貧寒，父親是一名雕刻師，母親為助產士。蘇格拉底是一位個性鮮明，被人褒貶不一而充滿傳奇色彩的歷史人物。 蘇格拉底是柏拉圖的老師，他一生未曾著述，其言論和思想多見於柏拉圖和色諾芬的著作如《蘇格拉底言行回憶錄》。蘇格拉底最後因觸犯了當時權貴的利益而被冠以腐蝕青年思想之名被迫飲毒堇汁而死。 他長期靠教育為業，蘇格拉底的教學方式獨特，常常用啟發、辯論的方式來進行教育。 蘇格拉底是柏拉圖哲學路線的創始者。蘇格拉底重視倫理學，是古希臘第一個提出要用理性和思維去尋找普遍道德的人，他是道德哲學的創始人，他強調道德是由理性指導的，所以美德就是知識，認為善出於知，惡出於無知。 在歐洲哲學史上最早提出唯心主義的目的論，認為一切都是神所創造與安排的，體現了神的智慧與目的。提出了自知自己無知的命題，認為只有放棄對自然界的求索，承認自己無知的人才是聰明人。最有知識的是神，知識最終從神而來，真正的知是服從神。 在邏輯學方面，亞里士多德認為蘇格拉底提出歸納論證，從具體實事中找出確定的論點，並注意一般定義的方法，對概念做出精確的說明。蘇格拉底的哲學思想主要認為是非有標準。傳說蘇格拉底的家庭生活不幸，其妻子是個潑婦。
Socrates
Socrates , Greek philosopher, profoundly affected Western philosophy through his influence on Plato. Born in Athens, the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife,he received the regular elementary education in literature, music, and gymnastics. Later he familiarized himself with the rhetoric and dialectics of the Sophists, the speculations of the Ionian philosophers, and the general culture of Periclean Athens. Initially, Socrates followed the craft of his father; according to a former tradition, he executed a statue group of the three Graces, which stood at the entrance to the Acropolis until the 2nd century ad. In the Peloponnesian War with Sparta he served as an infantryman with conspicuous bravery at the battles of Potidaea in 432-430 bc, Delium in 424 bc, and Amphipolis in 422 bc. Socrates believed in the superiority of argument over writing and therefore spent the greater part of his mature life in the marketplace and public places of Athens, engaging in dialogue and argument with anyone who would listen or who would submit to interrogation. Socrates was reportedly unattractive in appearance and short of stature but was also extremely hardy and self-controlled. He enjoyed life immensely and achieved social popularity because of his ready wit and a keen sense of humor that was completely devoid of satire or cynicism.
Socrates contribution to philosophy was essentially ethical in character. Belief in a purely objective understanding of such concepts as justice, love, and virtue, and the self-knowledge that he inculcated, were the basis of his teachings. He believed that all vice is the result of ignorance, and that no person is willingly bad; correspondingly, virtue is knowledge, and those who know the right will act rightly. His logic placed particular emphasis on rational argument and the quest for general definitions, as evidenced in the writings of his younger contemporary and pupil, Plato, and of Platos pupil, Aristotle. Through the writings of these philosophers, Socrates profoundly affected the entire subsequent course of Western speculative thought.
Key words: Greek philosopher
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