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英語中考語法(三)代詞專題複習(1)

2023年08月26日

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《GO FOR IT!》英語中考語法(三)代詞專題複習(1)
(第六,七周複習內容)
1.主格 賓格 形容詞性的 名詞性的 反身代詞
代詞 代詞
I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themself
you you your yours yourself/ves
2.人稱代詞的用法
1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
約翰等了一會兒,最後他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。
說明:在復合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
約翰一到就直接去銀行了。
2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語,但在口語中也能作主語補語,第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他們在一起,至少我認為是她。(her做賓語,them做介詞賓語,her做主語補語)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me做主語補語= It's me.)
說明:在上面兩例句中,her和me分別作主語補語。現代英語中多用賓格,在正式文體中這裡應為she和I。
2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換
1) 賓格代替主格
a.在簡短對話中,當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 後,多用賓語。
---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。
---- Me too. --我也喜歡。
---- Have more wine? --再來點酒喝嗎?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替賓格
a. 在介詞but,except 後,有時可用主格代替賓格。
b. 在電話用語中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。
---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。
注意:在動詞be 或to be 後的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。
I thought it was she. 我以為是她。
I thought it to be her.
I was taken to be she. 我被當成了她。
They took me to be her. 他們把我當成了她。
3 代詞的指代問題
1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式場合使用時,可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來,是嗎?
2)動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。
3)指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時常用she。
.4 並列人稱代詞的排列順序
1) 單數人稱代詞並列作主語時,其順序為:
第二人稱 ->第三人稱 ->第一人稱
you ->he/she; it ->I或
you , him/her/it ,me
You, he and I should return on time.
Kate sits among of you, he and me.
2) 複數人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為:
第一人稱 ->第二人稱 ->第三人稱
we ->you ->They
注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱放在前面。
a. 在承認錯誤,承擔責任時,
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和約翰惹她生氣了。
b. 在長輩對晚輩,長官對下屬說話時,如長官為第一人稱, 如:I and you try to finish it.
c. 並列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時,
d. 當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。
5 物主代詞
1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。
物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬於限定詞。
名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當於省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結構,例如:
Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意為 The cap is his.
2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
a. 作主語,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。
b. 作賓語,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。
c. 作介詞賓語,例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。
d. 作主語補語,例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬於你,屬於你,屬於你。
注意形容詞性的物主代詞下面用法:
1).one's+身體的部位.如:We walks with ours feet.
2). 相關短語的用法,根據人稱變化one's .Eg: do one's best to
, change one's mind to .do one's homework. set one's up .make up one's mind .on one's way to .on one's way home . save one's life
all/in one's life.......
6 雙重所有格
物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。
公式為:
a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如:
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
7.反身代詞
1) 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2)做賓語
a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 請你隨便吃點魚。
b. 用於及物動詞+賓語+介詞
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress up at that time. 那個時候我不能打扮我自己。
註:有些動詞後不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 請坐。
3) 作表語; 同位語
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身並不重要。
8.相互代詞
1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的,例如:
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑑的。
2) 相互代詞的句法功能:
a. 作動詞賓語;
People should love one another. 人們應當彼此相愛。
b. 可作介詞賓語;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。
說明:傳統語法認為,相互關係存在於兩個人或物之間用each other,存在於兩個以上人和物之間用one another。現代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多,例如:
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有書並列擺放起來。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有書並列擺放起來。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。
c. 相互代詞可加-'s構成所有格,例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes.
學生們互借筆記。
9.疑問代詞
1)疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2)疑問代詞在句中應位於謂語動詞之前,沒有性和數的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:
疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的書是誰的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美國的領土擴張是朝哪個方向的?
限定詞: Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的書是誰的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬於美國?
說明1:
無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的範圍不同。what所指的範圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的範圍內,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜歡哪幾個姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜歡什麼樣的姑娘?
說明2:
Whom是who的賓格,在書面語中,它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語,在口語中作賓語時,可用who代替,但在介詞後只能用whom, 例如:
Who did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了誰?(作動詞賓語)
Who are you taking the book to?
你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校園裡和誰講話了?(作介詞賓語,置介詞後,不能用who取代。)
說明3:
疑問代詞用於對介詞賓語提問時,過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什麼?(舊文體)
What are you looking for?
你在找什麼?(現代英語)
說明4:
疑問代詞還可引導名詞性從句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告訴我床上的藍襯衣是誰的嗎?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你說的我大部分同意,但並不完全贊同。
10 關係代詞
1)關係代詞用來引導定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。)
2)關係代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,並有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中,that 可指人也可指物,見表:
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
賓 格 whom that that
屬 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如:
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來取他丟下的書。
(which指物,在限定性定語從句中作賓語,可以省略)
3) 關係代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子,例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他說在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。
說明: 關係代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略, 例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我過去懂拉丁語,現在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。

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